Seven HCI Grand Challenges

This article aims to investigate the Grand Challenges which arise in the current and emerging landscape of rapid technological evolution towards more intelligent interactive technologies, coupled with increased and widened societal needs, as well as individual and collective expectations that HCI, as a discipline, is called upon to address. A perspective oriented to humane and social values is adopted, formulating the challenges in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies on human life both at the individual and societal levels. Seven Grand Challenges are identified and presented in this article: Human-Technology Symbiosis; Human-Environment Interactions; Ethics, Privacy and Security; Well-being, Health and Eudaimonia; Accessibility and Universal Access; Learning and Creativity; and Social Organization and Democracy. Although not exhaustive, they summarize the views and research priorities of an international interdisciplinary group of experts, reflecting different scientific perspectives, methodological approaches and application domains. Each identified Grand Challenge is analyzed in terms of: concept and problem definition; main research issues involved and state of the art; and associated emerging requirements

Why Users Ignore Privacy Policies: A Survey and Intention Model for Explaining User Privacy Behavior

Privacy is a vital aspect of IT systems and services, and it is demanded from users and by law. Thus, most data-processing services provide interfaces for users to support transparency (e.g., privacy notices) and self-determination (e.g., privacy settings). In this paper, we present evidence that users do not make use of these privacy interfaces—although they generally would like to. Based on our findings, we present an intention model in order to explain this behavior. The model combines aspects such as privacy demands, motivation and barriers in order to argue about the resulting intention of the user regarding the application of privacy interfaces. We show the applicability of our model by instantiating it to a concrete use case

Montmorillonite, a Promising New Material for Acute Lithium Intoxication in Rats: Montmorillonite in acute lithium intoxication

Lithium (Li) is considered the first-choice treatment for bipolar disorder and has a narrow therapeutic index therefore, a small increase in dose or plasma level can cause toxic effects. Gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination can be regarded as a first-line therapy for acute Li poisoning. Montmorillonite (MMT) is one of the best-known examples of a nanoclay that possesses unique properties for adsorbing substances, especially metals. We investigated the effects of MMT against acute Li intoxication. A single dose of Li (10 mEq/kg) was administered to the rats orally followed by oral gavage of MMT suspensions (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg) or activated charcoal (AC) (1g/kg) 5 min later. The serum Li concentration was measured at different times after treatment. Indeed, the serum level of sodium and potassium, WBC count, activity score, electrocardiogram, brain pathology changes, as well as pharmacokinetic parameters of Li, were evaluated. MMT at higher doses decreased the area under the curve (AUC), the elimination rate constant (Ka), the relative bioavailability (F), and increased the clearance of Li (P<0.05). MMT prevented Li induced leukocytosis, at the first sampling time, (P<0.05). It also exerted significant cardio protection, restored Li-induced ECG changes, heart rate alterations (P<0.001), and prevented Li induced hypoactivity. A similar amount of serum sodium and potassium concentration was observed in the animals. The results indicated that MMT reduced the absorption of Li, and slao possibly increased its clearance. Therefore, MMT may be a good candidate for decontamination, especially substances that are not well adsorbed by AC